Science of Law ( ISSN: 2995-8717) is an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed academic journal committed to advancing knowledge at the intersection of law and the social sciences. The journal aims to foster scholarly dialogue and innovative research that explore how legal systems interact with, influence, and are influenced by the broader social, political, economic, cultural, and psychological landscapes in which they operate.
Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Modern Assessment Methods
This study examines teachers' attitudes toward modern assessment methods, acknowledging their central role in the educational process and their critical impact on the success of any pedagogical reform, as the theoretical framework explores the concept of attitudes, their dimensions, and the significance of their study within pedagogical practices, emphasizing the strong relationship between teacher attitudes and the efficacy of assessment methods. Empirically, a field-based approach was employed, utilizing a questionnaire administered to a sample of teachers; the collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tools, where the results highlighted disparities in teachers' attitudes, ranging from positive to reserved, which varied according to their training level, professional experience, and organizational contexts within their institutions. Furthermore, the findings indicated that positive attitudes enhance the prospects for the success of modern assessment, whereas negative attitudes constitute an obstacle to its implementation. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of continuous professional development and improving educational practice conditions to establish modern assessment methods as effective tools for enhancing academic quality.
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Legal and Policy Frameworks for Water Sustainability in the Maghreb region: A Comparative Analysis of Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia
Ensuring water sustainability in the Maghreb requires robust legal and policy frameworks. This article provides a comparative, interdisciplinary analysis of water law and governance in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Drawing on national laws, constitutional provisions, and international agreements, we examine how each country’s legal framework addresses water scarcity, quality, and equitable access. The analysis uses a descriptive–comparative methodology to highlight strengths, gaps, and opportunities in existing regimes. We find that while Maghreb nations have established comprehensive water codes and enshrined water rights in their constitutions, enforcement challenges and policy fragmentation persist. Regional initiatives for the North-West Sahara Aquifer System and joint programs under Maghreb institutions demonstrate the potential for cooperation. We conclude with recommendations: modernizing legal instruments to meet contemporary challenges (e.g. climate change), integrating water policy with other sectors, and strengthening regional coordination. These insights aim to guide policymakers and scholars interested in sustainable water management in arid regions (United Nations, 2023; Belhassan, 2022; Kuzma et al., 2023).
The Impact of Criminal Irresponsibility on Legal Proceedings a Comparative Study
This study aims to highlight the legislative approach and general framework adopted by the Jordanian criminal legislator in its procedural handling of defendants who lack criminal responsibility and to assess the legislator's ability to formulate procedural legal provisions that ensure proper treatment of such individuals. This approach must align, on the one hand, with the underlying purpose of the principle of criminal responsibility and, on the other hand, with the demands of justice pursued by criminal legislation. To achieve the intended objective, the study adopted descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodologies. It examined the legal provisions governing this issue in Jordanian criminal legislation and compared them with the corresponding provisions in Algerian criminal legislation. The study ultimately reached several conclusions, the most significant of which is that, although the Jordanian criminal legislator included a specific procedural provision in Article 233 of the Code of Criminal Procedure addressing the issue of insanity, it failed to grant the public prosecutor or attorney general the authority to halt the prosecution of a defendant suffering from such a condition. This shortcoming may be considered a legislative deficiency in this respect. Moreover, the legislator, in drafting paragraph five of the same article, demonstrated inconsistency with its other paragraphs by requiring the attendance of an insane defendant at trial sessions rather than placing them in a psychiatric hospital. The researcher presented several recommendations to the criminal legislator, including the addition of a specific paragraph within Article 233 of the Code of Criminal Procedure that would enable the public prosecutor or attorney general—once the case falls within their jurisdiction—to issue a decision preventing the prosecution of a defendant if medical assessment confirms the presence of a psychological or mental illness. The study also recommends including a dedicated paragraph in the Juvenile Law obligating both the public prosecutor and the court to prohibit the attendance of a juvenile defendant at investigation and trial proceedings without legal counsel, regardless of the type of offense. The presence of a defense lawyer should be mandatory at all stages of the proceedings, in line with the approach adopted by the Algerian legislator in the Child Protection Law.
When the Military Clashes with Civil Authority: A Critical Examination of The FCT Minister Versus a Naval Officer
This paper critically examines the altercation that occurred on 11th November 2025 between Nyesom Wike, Minister of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), and a naval officer of the Nigerian Navy, Lt. A.M. Yerima, in the Gaduwa District of Abuja. The incident involved a contested land plot and escalated into a verbal confrontation, highlighting tensions between civilian authority and the armed forces. Using a qualitative social research approach, the study draws on media reports, video evidence, legal texts, and scholarly literature to critically assess the actions of the minister, the senior officer who issued orders to the naval personnel, and the junior naval officer. Findings suggest that while the minister’s mandate was legitimate, his method and tone breached institutional decorum; the senior officer exhibited poor judgment in deploying military personnel to a civil land dispute; and the junior naval officer displayed commendable professional restraint by insisting on obeying lawful orders. The paper concludes with recommendations to strengthen civil‑military boundaries, land governance, and institutional protocols.
Civil military relations, Land governance, Lt. A.M Yerima, Ministerial conduct, Naval officer, Nyesom wike, Rule of law in Nigeria.
Comparative Study of the Miniatures of “Khosrow and Shirin”, Where the both Present, Based on Khamseh, The Story by Nizami Ganjavi
Persian literature and Iranian painting are types of traditions that have developed alongside each other. The vivid descriptions that poets conveyed in their texts were often brought to life through paintings, leading to a rich tradition in Iranian artistic creation. The story of Khosrow and Shirin, written by Nizami Ganjavi, is renowned for its vibrant use of color. Nizami demonstrates a deep understanding of color psychology and symbolism, utilizing colors to inform the space and evoke emotional and mental states. This indicates his comprehensive knowledge across various artistic disciplines. However, it is important to note that the painter is not merely illustrating the text; instead, the artist creates the work based on their mental understanding and emotional state, which influences the final visual representation.
The Stain of Organ Trafficking in African States: A Critical Examination
. Organ trafficking, which is the illegal movement or transportation of human organs for sale and transplant to willing and highest bidding patients or buyers, is an international economic crime. Trafficking of human organs in the African States rages on and has become a significant source of concern not only for the African States, but the world at large. This has, by implication, stained the international image and projection of the African States. There have been attempts by several African States to curb this ugly trend by using the instrumentality of the law. Still, all that has yielded only little results owing to the technicality and discreteness with which those involved in this crime operate. It has been argued that the debate over the trafficking of human beings for organ removal (THBOR) remains largely absent from policy debates, as this crime is hardly detected, reported and sparsely researched. However, criminal networks exploit vulnerable populations, central migrants from and within the African States, for this heinous crime. Exploring the doctrinal research approach, this paper x-rays the stains of human organ trafficking in the African States; it found among others that trafficking of human organs is a booming and highly lucrative economic crime entrenched in Africa and perpetuated with so much secrecy. The paper recommends among others the need for sound legislative debate on how to curb the crime in Africa coupled with virile legal frameworks towards curtailing the crime.
The Double Burden: How Child Labor Affects Learning Achievement in Nepalese Schools
The Constitution of Nepal promises free education, but many children work to pay for their schooling, especially in urban areas. The present study investigates the learning achievement of working and non-working children studying in community secondary schools of Lalitpur, Kathmandu Metropolitan City as a function of parental support, academic-related habits and work involvement. A total of 296 grade nine students were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics from a quantitative approach to the data. The study revealed that there were significant differences in the learning achievement between working and non-working children and work hour and parental support were identified as critical determinants. The results highlight the importance of targeted policies to support working children and promote educational equity.
Criminal Policy on Business Offences: When Legal Excuses Are Instrumentalised to Safeguard the Economy
This study seeks to highlight the modern orientation of criminal policy in the field of business offences, by analysing the phenomenon of instrumentalising legal excuses as an exceptional mechanism for addressing these complex crimes. The Algerian legislator, in line with many comparative legal systems, has established both substantive and procedural legal excuses, the latter often justified by economic considerations such as encouraging investment and protecting the business environment. Through this research, we sought to shed light on these excuses while analysing the extent to which they align with the requirements of legal certainty and balance economic protection with criminal justice, in light of practical legal models and comparative approaches.
The Algerian Investment Promotion Agency as a Legal Guarantee for Investors in Algeria
This research paper aims to clarify and clarify the legal framework of the Algerian Agency for Investment Promotion as the only legal body authorized to grant industrial or economic real estate directed to investment in accordance with the organs established by the legislator at the national and local levels, which is a new chapter in the liberalization of investment from the corridors of the administration and its bureaucracy that led to the flight of investors and their reluctance to invest in Algeria, or hindered the existing investments that their owners initiated to embody their investments on the ground, through extrapolation and analysis of texts and the provisions of Law 22/18 and law 23/17.
Myths or Realities; Patriarchy, Gender Structure and Gender Relations in Swasthani Vrata Katha and Today's Hindu Society of Kathmandu
Some interpretations of Hindu scriptures and texts have been used to explicate how patriarchal views and practices function in the society as well as academia, such as the devaluation of women and the justification of male dominance. This article critically analyzes both mythological representations and lived realities of patriarchy, gender roles, and power structures as portrayed in the text Swasthani vrata katha and manifested in contemporary Hindu society in Kathmandu, Nepal. The findings of the paper are; although hyper- patriarchy exists in the present-day Hindu society with dichotomy and dialect in nature, people criticize, disagree and deny the concepts that are embedded in the Swasthani vrata katha but still, the respondents or participant devotees follow the vrata. The traditional roles of sãsu (mother-in-law) and buhãri (daughter-in-law) under patriarchy are gradually dissolved in the capitalistic frame of society. In the past, sãsu used to be a powerful agent of patriarchy and that of the patriarchal head (father-in-law) who controlled the economy of the family, mobility and sexuality. However, the scenario has altered at present and buhãri has turned dominant since her husband earns the remittance, which is transferred to her bank account and she decides where to spend, and what to purchase. Due to such economic independence, buhari plays decisive roles in the household chores and the public domain as well. This shift underscores the growing influence of economic agency in reshaping gender relations within Hindu families in urban Nepal.
Assessment of Factors Contributing to Environmental Pollution in the Context of Public Health Using the Example of the Republic of Armenia
Frequent changes in environmental pollution factors have a negative impact on human health and, as a result, dramatically change the quality of his life, perhaps it is precisely this circumstance that determines the relevance of the topic. The purpose of the article is to assess the connection between the factors contributing to environmental pollution and human health. It is obvious that in a given country, the healthier people are, the more effectively the mechanisms of state environmental management function, as a result of which the life expectancy of the population increases especially. The genetic, environmental, and healthcare factors affecting human health can be presented from two perspectives. These factors have the opposite effect, and it is in this context that the article distinguishes 8 factors of environmental pollution and 7 factors threatening human health, and proposes 7 hypotheses (The statistics were selected between 2000 and 2022). To reveal the interconnection between these factors, empirical, statistical, and mathematical tools and methods have been applied. The results of the evaluation of the hypotheses have shown that the selected environmental pollution-promoting factors have an impact on the deterioration or improvement of human health. The article also evaluates the risk of human life loss in the context of the environment. Accordingly, the healthcare sector reforms in Armenia are divided into 3 phases (2000-2007 up to emergence of financial crisis, 2008-2019 overcoming of financial crisis and nowadays reforms, 2020-2022) and for each phase, the standard mortality rate in Armenia, as well as the risk of human health deterioration and life loss, have been calculated. The results show that there has been an increase in both indicators, and their growth points to the deterioration of human health. Therefore, the current indicators characterizing the state of the healthcare sector in Armenia are concerning, while the upcoming trends are alarming. We believe that the implementation of the mechanism proposed in the article could later create guarantees for the restoration of human health.
The Causal Factors of Strategic Management and Operational Performance: An Empirical Study on the Industrial Machinery and Equipment Sales and Rental Business
The objective of this research is to investigate the causal factors of strategic management and operational performance development that impact the Industrial Machinery and Equipment Sales and Rental Business. The study focuses on analyzing the role of human resources, internal quality systems, and logistics management and their linkage to creating a competitive advantage and enhancing the organizational capability of firms. This research utilizes Systems Theory and Strategic Management as its analytical framework. Data was collected from entrepreneurs and employees in the industrial machinery sales and rental business through both a quantitative questionnaire survey and qualitative in-depth interviews. The research findings indicate that effective human resource management, a standardized internal quality system, and appropriate logistics management have a positive influence on the organization's operational performance and strategic management, ultimately leading to an elevated competitive potential in the heavy industry to evolve the strategic plan by integrating the management of human resources, internal systems, and machinery/equipment for the purpose of building sustainable growth and long-term competitive advantage.
Machinery sales and rental business (or equipment sales and rental business),
Operational performance (or operational efficiency),
Strengthening the Legal Framework of Subak-Based Ecotourism in Bali: Between Cultural Policy and Legal Pluralism
This study examines the dynamics of legal pluralism in the governance of community-based ecotourism in Bali, with a particular focus on the Subak system as a cultural landscape recognized by UNESCO. While Subak is legally acknowledged through the Bali Provincial Regulation No. 9/2012 and reinforced by Law No. 6/2014 on Villages, its legitimacy also derives from awig-awig (customary rules), reflecting the coexistence of state law and living law. Using a socio-legal and comparative approach, this research explores two Subak communities Subak Sembung (Denpasar) and Subak Umalambing (Badung) to analyze how customary law interacts with formal regulations in responding to land conversion pressures and tourism commercialization. The findings reveal that awig-awig remains more effective than formal law in controlling land conversion, yet its effectiveness depends on the strength of sanctions and community compliance. The study highlights the need for legal hybridization, whereby state law provides formal legitimacy and certainty, while customary law offers substantive values rooted in Tri Hita Karana philosophy. This research contributes to the discourse on legal pluralism by proposing the concept of “law with cultural meaning”, which integrates indigenous norms into tourism governance. Practically, it recommends the formulation of a special regional regulation on Subak-based ecotourism to safeguard agrarian, ecological, and spiritual sustainability in Bali.
Administrative Liability for Harm Arising from Intelligent Automated Administrative Decisions
Administrative work is witnessing a radical transformation due to reliance on artificial intelligence techniques in decision making, which has given rise to a new category of decision-making: automated administrative decisions issued without direct human intervention. Despite the efficiency and speed, they provide, these decisions pose profound legal questions about their legitimacy, the guarantees that accompany them, and the scope of administrative liability for any resulting harm. This article examines the nature of this liability, its limits, and its existence in the absence of clear legal regulation in many legal systems. It also exposes a legal vision aimed at protecting individuals and reconciling technological progress with the principles of legitimacy and accountability.
Intelligent automated administrative decisions,
The Socio-Economic Dimension of the Development Concept: Towards a New Conception in the Face of Contemporary Challenges
This article analyzes the theoretical renewal of the development concept following the failure of the economic models of the 1960s and 1970s. Drawing on the conceptual frameworks of Gilbert Rist (2007) regarding the deconstruction of development paradigms and Amartya Sen (1999) concerning human capabilities, we demonstrate how the integration of environmental sustainability and humanism addresses contemporary challenges. Our approach combines the historical analysis of economic crises with the study of the emergence of a new North American economic sociology (Granovetter, 1985; Zelizer, 2011), which reintegrates social variables into development models. The results indicate that this conceptual renewal makes it possible to move beyond purely quantitative approaches to growth, proposing instead a multidimensional framework anchored in human well-being and ecological resilience.
Analysis of the Ecological State of the Agstev and Getik Rivers using Background Concentrations
According to the article, the Water Framework Directive, developed by the European Union, has been instrumental in shifting the assessment of river water quality in Armenia from a focus on maximum permissible concentrations of chemical water quality indicators to a more holistic approach that incorporates natural background concentrations. This transition, which has been in effect since 2011, underscores in the approach to water quality management, emphasizing the importance of ecological integrity and the utilization of natural reference points for evaluating water quality. It has been posited that the inherent limitation of maximum permissible concentrations is their inability to account for the distinct characteristics of specific geographical areas. This limitation persists despite the implementation of uniform criteria for assessing rivers within disparate physical and geographical zones. The Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Armenia "On the Establishment of Water Quality Standards for Each Basin Management Authority" delineates five distinct classes. Each class is designated by a color: "excellent" (1st class — blue), "good" (2nd class — green), "average" (3rd class — yellow), "unsatisfactory" (4th class — brown), and "poor" (5th class — red). The overall evaluation of water chemical quality is predicated on the class with the least favorable quality indicator. The water quality classes of the Agstev and Getik rivers for the period 2013-2024 are examined through the analysis of background concentrations. The investigation revealed that, subsequent to 2021, the water quality of the Agstev and Getik rivers exhibited a decline at all monitoring points located beyond the urban centers of Dilijan, Ijevan, and Chambarak. This decline was attributed to the impact of untreated or inadequately treated domestic wastewater from these cities.
Gender Equality in Islamic Education: A Comparative Analysis of Al-Maraghi’s Exegesis and Its Implications
This study examines Ahmad Mustafa al-Maraghi’s Qur’anic exegesis on gender equality and explores its implications for Islamic education in Indonesia. Using qualitative library research with hermeneutic and content analysis, the paper analyzes relevant verses and interpretive themes to map al-Maraghi’s position on women’s spiritual, social, and intellectual status. Findings show that al-Maraghi grounds equality in core Islamic principles of justice and humanity, reading verses such as Q.4:1, Q.9:71, and Q.30:21 as affirmations of equal rights and shared responsibilities of men and women in family, education, and public life. He recognizes women’s rights to seek knowledge, work, and participate in society, and views education as a primary arena for realizing these rights. However, translation of these ideals into practice is constrained by persistent patriarchal norms, curricular bias, limited institutional policies, and insufficient gender-awareness training for educators. The paper proposes gender-responsive curriculum reform, educator capacity building, and policy strengthening to widen women’s participation and leadership. The study contributes a theological and practical framework for inclusive Islamic education aligned with Sustainable Development Goals and contemporary Indonesian contexts. Recommendations prioritize equity, access, accountability.
Problems and Challenges of Urbanization at Banepa Municipality of Nepal
The process of urbanisation has significantly increased when rural-urban migration, economic gains, and improved connectivity after the implementation of neo-liberal economic policies in 1990 in Nepal. The paper examines the changing economic policies induced urbanization and socioeconomic transformation of Banepa Municipality, one of the developing urban centers in Kavrepalanchok District. The study, based on demographic survey and policies induced socio-economic evidence, makes some important observations: Banepa is a young and ethnically diversified society with a moderate level of education, most of the workforce is uneducated/semi-educated, and it is highly dependent on agriculture and foreign labour. Along with migration and remittance-based expansion, the municipality experiences severe problems, such as pollution, housing affordability, traffic congestion, and poor public services, which become more serious with the uncontrolled urban development and poor governance. The study cites economic opportunities and higher standards of living as some of the major causes of urbanization, with proposed solutions laying more emphasis on enhanced urban planning, skill development, infrastructure investments, and environmental management. The levels of public awareness about the existence of urban development projects are limited to the local levels, and this is why the participation of various stakeholders is necessary. The study of urbanization of Banepa and its specific situation can be helpful in the context of a wider discourse on neo-liberal policies, sustainable urban governance, promoting healthy practices through inclusive, resilient, and strategically carried out development to prevent the mistakes of larger metropolises from being repeated.
A Critical Analysis of the Place of Energy Transitioning in Achieving Increased Access to Sustainable Energy in Nigeria
The place of energy in attaining socioeconomic growth and sustainable development remains undisputed. As hinted, its essentiality begins from job creation to economic development, and security concerns. Energy lies at the heart of country’s core interests to drive rapid industrialisation and improve citizen’s living standards among others. The extent of access to reliable electricity could either hinder or advance these interests. Inadequate access or unstable energy supply proves to be detrimental and counterproductive to any economy and nation. Amid global constraints towards achieving universal access to electricity; the paper interrogated global, regional as well as the government efforts in revitalising the failing energy system with positive outlook towards harnessing the renewable energy potentials of the country and integrating it into the Nigerian energy mix. The paper adopted the doctrinal research method of critically examining the primary and secondary sources. The paper found among others that there is a nexus between energy access and poverty confronting Nigeria. The paper argued that climate change and global warming significantly influenced modern energy choices, how it ought to be generated and deployed for electricity. Impliedly the overall goal, involve taking climate challenges into perspective whilst catering for the energy needs of people. The paper condemned protectionist ideas of advanced economies and suggested free market to drive the energy needs and access of nations. Doing so would require countries to embark on a transition scheme that is climate friendly and balances all three concerns of energy availability, accessibility and sustainability.
Community-Based Business Transformation in Rural Destination: Strategic Planning for Sustainable Tourism
Community-Based Tourism (CBT) is increasingly recognized as an effective strategy for sustainable rural tourism development. However, business planning in rural destinations often lacks local engagement, integration of digital innovation, and robust evaluation frameworks. This study presents the development and implementation of a participatory, digitally integrated business plan for Wae Lolos Village, West Manggarai. Using a mixed-methods approach field observation, semi structured interviews with key local actors, and participatory workshops this research maps local potentials, develops strategic business units, and formulates risk mitigation measures contextualized to the village’s social, economic, and environmental dynamics. Integration of digitalization manifests through an ongoing village website initiative, combining online marketing, digital reservations, safety information, and MSME e-marketplace within a single platform. The business plan operationalizes key frameworks such as the Business Model Canvas, PESTEL analysis, SMART indicators, and Logical Framework Analysis, ensuring the plan is both strategic and measurable. Results show: (1) enhanced digital marketing and community engagement, (2) diversified local income streams via the activation of eight business units, and (3) improved risk governance for sustainable economic resilience. This model offers practical and replicable lessons for rural destinations seeking to balance community empowerment, digital transformation, and sustainable business management.
A Conceptual Model of Human Resource Management and Its Impact on Organizational Performance in Thailand’s Elderly Care Sector
This study aims to develop a model of human resource management approaches that affect the performance of elderly care businesses in Thailand. It focuses on explaining the relationships among organizational culture, corporate social responsibility, and business strategy with human resource management, and the resulting impact on organizational performance. The research draws on the conceptual frameworks of General Systems Theory and Strategic Human Resource Theory, alongside a comprehensive literature review to identify key components and causal linkages. The findings reveal that human resource management functions as a critical mediating variable, connecting organizational and social factors to positively influence performance across multiple dimensions, including financial performance, internal process efficiency, customer satisfaction, innovation, and organizational reputation. This conceptual framework can be applied to enhance management standards for elderly care businesses in Thailand, aligning with the transition toward an aging society and supporting policy development for long-term sustainability.
More Than Screen Time: The Mediating Role of Distraction in the Relationship between Smartphone Use and Family Communication
The pervasive integration of smartphones into daily life has raised growing concerns about their impact on interpersonal relationships, particularly within the family context. While prior research has predominantly focused on screen time duration as a predictor of relational strain, this study examines the underlying cognitive mechanism of distraction as a mediating factor in the association between smartphone use and family communication quality. Utilizing a quantitative, mixed-method, two-wave longitudinal design, the present study recruited 300 family dyads including adolescent–parent and spousal pairs stratified across socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and family structures to ensure representativeness. Smartphone usage was operationalized through objective screen time logs, app-based tracking (via RescueTime), and self-reported frequency-based items adapted from the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS). Distraction was assessed using the Smartphone Distraction Scale (SDS), ecological momentary assessments (EMA) administered three times daily, and behavioral coding of family interactions for a subsample (n = 50). Family communication quality was measured using the Family Communication Scale (FCS), supplemented by observational assessments via the Rapid Interaction Coding System (RICS) during structured discussions. Mediation analysis, conducted using Hayes’ PROCESS Model 4, revealed that distraction significantly mediated the relationship between smartphone use and family communication quality (indirect effect: p < .01). Specifically, higher levels of smartphone engagement were associated with increased cognitive and behavioral distraction, which in turn predicted lower levels of warmth, openness, and effective problem-solving within family interactions. These findings suggest that the disruptive influence of smartphones is not solely a function of time spent on devices, but rather the attentional fragmentation they induce during critical interpersonal exchanges. The study offers important theoretical and practical implications for digital well-being initiatives, emphasizing the need to address attentional dynamics and not merely screen exposure. Interventions aimed at fostering mindful smartphone use may hold promise for strengthening family communication and relational cohesion.
The Structural Influence of Personal Branding on Perceived Employability in the Beauty Pageant Industry in Thailand for Long-Term Sustainability
This academic article aims to present knowledge from a literature review on self-expression, social interaction, personal values, personal branding, and perceived employability in Thailand's beauty industry for sustainable careers. The article focuses on explaining the meanings, origins, components, and relationships of variables related to these issues. The literature review reveals that these factors directly impact job opportunities and career sustainability in the Thai beauty industry in the digital age, which is a key approach to developing potential and ensuring the future sustainability of this industry.
Accelerating the Realization of Well-Being in Papua Indonesia
This paper attempts to answer the following question: What to be done to accelerate the creation of well-being in Papua, Indonesia. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative research methods to provide a comprehensive analysis of well-being in Papua. Key areas of investigation include human development indicators, poverty rates, education levels, healthcare access, and market for the indigenous people produces. Through case studies and comparative analysis, the paper highlights the challenges and opportunities in improving governance efficiency, service delivery, and overall well-being for the indigenous population in Papua.
Application of Python-Based Topsis Method for Financial Performance Assessment of Idx Companies
This study applies the Python-based TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method to assess the financial performance of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period. In the context of an ever-growing and digitalized economy, objective assessment of financial performance is very important for strategic decision making. This study uses financial ratio data such as Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), and Net Profit Margin (NPM) which are grouped into three main categories: liquidity, solvency, and profitability. Each ratio is given a criterion direction (benefit/cost) and weight based on its level of importance. The analysis process includes data pre-processing, normalization, weighting, determining positive and negative ideal solutions, calculating distances, and calculating preference values or Closeness Coefficients (CC). The results of the study show that LPPS companies have the best financial performance (CC: 0.699214), while TIRT is ranked lowest (CC: 0.476411). This study proves that the Python-based TOPSIS method is able to provide systematic, efficient, and reliable financial performance evaluations, and can be a valuable tool for investors, analysts, and management in decision making.
Criminalization and Victimization in the Migrant Population
This systematic review aimed to analyze the criminalization and victimization of immigrants in socially significant crimes and to examine the methodologies used in these studies. A total of 25 articles were selected from 100 initially identified through searches in Scopus and Web of Science, covering publications from 1993 to 2025. The methodological approaches included both primary and secondary analyses, using quantitative and qualitative designs. The findings reveal that the criminalization of immigrants—especially those with irregular status—leads to social stigmatization and restricts access to justice, increasing their vulnerability to victimization. Fear of deportation and lack of trust in law enforcement discourage crime reporting among immigrant communities. The review concludes that immigration does not lead to higher crime rates. However, securitization discourse and exclusionary policies perpetuate negative stereotypes, reinforcing immigrants’ marginalization. It is recommended that future research expand beyond the U.S. context and include Latin American countries, where empirical studies remain scarce. Practically, this review highlights the urgent need to reform policies that criminalize migration, in order to protect fundamental rights and promote social inclusion.
Behavioural Patterns in Rape as a Sexual Assault
This article aims to understand rape as a complex criminal behaviour with multiple patterns and varying motivations by taking a classification-based approach. This moves beyond the stereotypical image that reduces rape to merely a sexual crime. It presents the Massachusetts Treatment Center (MTC: R3) classification of rapists, which categorises them into types such as opportunistic, anger-retaliatory, sexually sadistic, non-sadistic and vindictive. Additionally, it discusses a range of explanatory variables related to understanding and analysing rape behaviour, including aggression, impulsivity, social competence, sexual fantasies, sadism, beliefs and naïve perceptions. This article aids the analysis of individual differences among rapists and contributes to preventive, therapeutic and security approaches within social and cultural contexts and specificities.
The Legal System of Intellectual Property in the Digital Age
Legal protection of intellectual property is essential for safeguarding the rights of innovators and creators across various fields, including literature, arts, media, inventions, and science. This protection aims to foster innovation and creativity by granting specific legal rights to the owners of intellectual works. These rights typically include the exclusive use of the work and the authority to prevent others from copying or utilizing the work without permission. The mechanisms for protection differ from country to country, depending on the type of intellectual property involved, such as copyright and patents. Patents are an exclusive right granted for an invention, allowing the patent holder to control how or whether others may use the invention. In return for this right, the patent owner makes technical information about the invention publicly available through a published patent document. Trademarks serve as identifiers that distinguish a company's goods or services from those of competitors. Copyrights cover a broad range of media, including publishing, books, music, paintings, sculptures, films, computer software, databases, advertisements, maps, and technical drawings. Internationally, these laws are regulated through agreements such as the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), alongside national laws enacted by individual countries. Protecting intellectual property rights is vital for the economic and commercial interests of business owners, as it encourages investment in research and development. Moreover, these rights promote fair competition and help to limit infringements and piracy. Infringements of intellectual property rights can take many forms, including illegal exploitation via the internet. Recognizing the importance of intellectual property as a key driver of societal development, most countries have enacted legislation and implemented measures to safeguard these rights from infringement and loss. Recently, the Public Prosecution in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia established a specialized office dedicated to protecting intellectual property and initiating criminal proceedings against violations of these rights.
Legal Efforts Undertaken by the Owners or Holders of Batik Tabir Riau Copyright in Seeking Justice
In the process of resolving cases in court, including copyright disputes, the parties involved naturally seek justice. Therefore, if there is a judge's decision that they believe is unjust, the parties will certainly file a legal remedy against the court's decision so that if there is a mistake by the judge in the ruling, it can be corrected by a higher court.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini melibatkan beberapa kasus pelanggaran hak cipta.El enfoque para analizar los problemas existentes implica examinar varias leyes y regulaciones relacionadas con el copyright.Luego, basado en el análisis de los datos primarios existentes, se lleva a cabo una clasificación de los elementos de la infracción de derechos de autor y los elementos para garantizar la propiedad de derechos de autor.Hasil analisis dan klasifikasi memberikan jawaban atas isu-isu yang dibahas dalam penelitian.This research addresses the issues related to the legal efforts undertaken by the owners or copyright holders of Batik Tabir Riau in seeking justice.The results of this study explain that the legal efforts undertaken by the Creator or Copyright Holder of Batik Tabir Riau have not been maximized because the Creator only pursued criminal legal action. Although mediation was attempted during the process, it did not yield optimal results as the value of the claim did not reach an agreement. The perpetrator only agreed to pay Rp. 150,000,000 (one hundred fifty million rupiah) out of the total value of Rp. 500,000,000 (five hundred million rupiah) requested by the Creator or Copyright Holder. Additionally, other legal efforts, such as filing a compensation lawsuit in the Commercial Court, were not pursued.
Improving Hospital Cost Performance through Environmental Accounting Practices: Examining Green Innovation as a Moderating Factor
Hospitals are among the most resource-intensive institutions, requiring strategies that balance service delivery with environmental sustainability. This study examines the influence of Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) on hospital economic efficiency, while testing the moderating role of green innovation. Grounded in the Resource-Based View (RBV) and Institutional Theory, EMA is conceptualized as a strategic resource and green innovation as a dynamic capability that enhances its effectiveness. Data were collected through surveys of hospital managers, financial controllers, and sustainability officers in Indonesia, and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-PLS). Reliability and validity were assessed with Cronbach’s Alpha, Composite Reliability, and Average Variance Extracted (AVE), while model fit was evaluated using SRMR, R², and path coefficients. The results show that institutional pressures strongly influence EMA adoption, but compliance alone does not guarantee efficiency gains. EMA positively impacts economic efficiency, and this effect is significantly amplified by green innovation, which also has a direct positive influence on performance. The findings contribute to RBV and Institutional Theory by demonstrating that sustainable hospital efficiency depends not only on external institutional drivers but also on internal environmental capabilities. Practically, the study highlights the need for hospitals to integrate EMA with innovation strategies to achieve long-term sustainability.