Science of Law ( ISSN: 2995-8717) is an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed academic journal committed to advancing knowledge at the intersection of law and the social sciences. The journal aims to foster scholarly dialogue and innovative research that explore how legal systems interact with, influence, and are influenced by the broader social, political, economic, cultural, and psychological landscapes in which they operate.
Exploring the Nonlinear Relationship between Renewable Energy Consumption and Green Economic Growth Across Income Groups: Evidence from PSTAR Model
The transition to a sustainable energy system is imperative given the escalating concerns over fossil fuel dependency, energy security, and the pursuit of sustainable economic growth. This study investigates the nonlinear relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth across 61 countries, categorized into high-, middle-, and low-income economies, over the period 1990-2020. Using the Panel Smooth Transition Auto-Regressive (PSTAR) model, the results indicate that the impact of renewable energy consumption on green economic growth is conditional on a threshold value of 3.883. Below this threshold, renewable energy consumption negatively affects economic growth, whereas above it, it becomes a significant driver of economic expansion. Furthermore, the transition from a low to a high renewable energy consumption regime is abrupt, as indicated by the gamma transition parameter of 2.592. These findings hold significant policy implications, suggesting the need for tailored energy policies that facilitate the transition to higher renewable energy consumption levels to achieve sustainable economic growth. The study provides concrete policy recommendations based on empirical insights.
Copyright (c) 2026 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Legal Regulations Promoting Innovation in the Public Sector
This article summarizes and analyzes current legal policies and regulations that form the basis for innovation in the public sector in Vietnam today, aligning with the global trend of sustainable development in the context of globalization and the AI era. The author points out the achievements and shortcomings that need to be addressed in the future. Based on this, the author proposes several solutions to further improve legal policies to promote innovation in the public sector in the future.
Real Estate Legislation in French Colonial Policy and its Economic and Social Effects in Algeria and Tunisia between 1919- 1939
In this study, I attempt to shed light on a specific aspect of French colonial policy in the Maghreb, focusing on the settlement in both Algeria and Tunisia during the interwar period. I consider this policy to have been the cornerstone of the French consolidation of their grip on both countries. This stems from the premise that the settlement process would contribute to giving the occupation its real meaning and actual implementation. Colonialism that lacks settlement is a formal colonialism. Therefore, the granting of land ownership to Europeans was both an end and a means for the colonial policy, which was based on numerous laws. In this study, I relied on well-known scientific methods, such as the descriptive method in addition to the statistical method through counting and inventorying the various lands that France controlled in both Algeria and Tunisia, in addition to our use of the analytical method, and this through analyzing the various historical phenomena that were mentioned in the various sources and references that dealt with the subject. This study is considered original, as all the studies that dealt with the subject of settlement during the French colonial period in both countries started from the first years of colonialism. The study concludes with several key findings, we reached many conclusions that were in the form of summaries, the most notable being that the French reliance on many laws and legislation by virtue of which they were able to seize large parts of the lands of Algerians and Tunisians, and to own them to Europeans in general and the French in particular, in order to achieve the French colonial project.
Copyright (c) 2025 Science of Law https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Status of Foreign Law before the Algerian National Judiciary
Foreign law occupies an important position before the Algerian national judge whenever the conflict-of-law rules provided for in the Civil Code refer to it, particularly in matters of an international nature such as personal status, contracts, and commerce. The judge is considered obliged to apply it as law rather than as a fact. However, this obligation sometimes encounters difficulties related to proving the content of foreign law and interpreting it, especially when the parties are unable to provide the approved texts or accurate translations. The judiciary also faces technical and institutional challenges, such as lack of training, the absence of databases for foreign laws, and divergent jurisprudence. Nevertheless, the application of foreign law contributes to enhancing justice in private international relations. Developing evidentiary tools, updating legislation, and training judges remain essential factors for improving the effectiveness of the Algerian judiciary in this field.
Implementing Laws on Organs and Tissue Donation in Vietnam
In Vietnam, the Law on donation, collection, transplantation of human tissues and donation and collection of corpses was issued in 2006. This issue has also been regulated in the 2005 and 2015 Civil Code. However, the enforcement of the law on organ donation still faces many challenges. This problem is not only in Vietnam but also in worldwide. In this article, the authors analyze the practical problems that countries around the world are facing when enforcing the law on organ donation. From there, it is related to the current situation of Vietnamese law and withdraw lessons that can be drawn to overcome these limitations and challenges in the future.
The Role of the Algerian Family in Addressing the Phenomenon of Child Labor
Child labor is a serious problem that negatively impacts families and society. It undermines a child's personality, harms their health, and negatively affects their future, leading to social problems that threaten family and community stability. Families strive to combat child labor through proper socialization, employing a range of mechanisms including awareness campaigns, supporting children's educational and guidance needs, and ensuring their need for play. They also provide adequate economic and material support, guaranteeing their right to maintenance, suitable housing, and education, and addressing school dropout rates. Ultimately, the family's efforts to combat this phenomenon are insufficient on their own; they require support and assistance from the state, particularly in providing financial and economic support to protect children from labor.
International Legal Mechanisms for the Protection of Children Who Migrate through Irregular Means
This article analyses the international legal protection of children who migrate in an irregular manner, treating them as an especially vulnerable group in contemporary migration flows. It outlines the main concepts and categories of migrant children and the risks they face, then examines the key international treaties, UN resolutions, and the roles of UNHCR and UNICEF in ensuring their rights, while noting persistent gaps between legal standards and practice that call for stronger, child‑sensitive migration policies.
The Symmetric and Asymmetric Effects of ICT on Green Growth in African Countries: Does Renewable Energy Consumption Matter?
This paper investigates the relationship between the diffusion of information and communication technology (ICT) and green growth in African countries. Encouraging financial innovation can promote the adoption of renewable energy, thereby boosting green growth in these countries. Utilizing a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) panel modelling approach, we analyse the impacts of these variables on green economic growth. The results reveal that renewable energy consumption has a negative effect on green economic growth. Similarly, financial development exhibits a negative correlation with green economic growth, potentially due to factors such as financial sector weaknesses, macroeconomic volatility, financial crises, and nonlinear dynamics. Conversely, ICT diffusion positively and significantly influences GDP. Both renewable energy and ICT diffusion emerge as crucial factors for enhancing economic activity, job creation, and environmental improvement. These findings highlight the need for targeted financial policies to strengthen the financial sector’s role in supporting green initiatives. Policymakers should prioritize regulatory frameworks that enhance financial stability and promote sustainable investments. Additionally, future research could explore more granular data and alternative methodologies to further examine the dynamic interactions between ICT, financial development, and environmental sustainability.
The Legal Nature of Intellectual Property Rights in the Digital Environment
The world has witnessed significant technological developments, with the digital environment and its circulating digital works constituting the core of this transformation. These advancements have posed new challenges for legal doctrine and the judiciary, calling for their proper regulation. They have also given rise to numerous contemporary legal issues, including the problem of determining the legal nature of intellectual property rights. Such rights are neither real rights, as the latter pertain to tangible objects while intellectual rights concern intangible ones, nor personal rights, since the latter represent a relationship between two persons, whereas intellectual rights are powers exercised over an intangible object. Moreover, they are not inherently attached to one’s personality.
Impact of Geopolitical Risks and Financial Markets on Renewable Energy Consumption: Evidence from Emerging Countries
As the world's largest economies, emerging markets play a vital role in driving the energy transition. Though, budget constraints and geopolitical threats may hinder the necessary changes. Fiscal constraints may make it difficult for countries to invest in renewable energy infrastructure and technologies, especially in emerging economies with limited financial resources. The geopolitical risks associated with the transition may also cause uncertainty and hinder investment, such as possible disruptions to energy supply networks. In this research, we evaluate the impact of geopolitical risks and financial markets, especially the stock market turnover ratio, on renewable energy consumption in 10 emerging nations from 1985 to 2021. A two-step Generalized Method of Moments System (GMM-system) is evaluated, and the results show that an increase in our two key variables has a positive and significant effect on renewable energy consumption. Our findings indicate that We emphasize in the long-term special effects of geopolitical risks and stock markets are additional obvious in renewable energy policy. Finally, the main political consequences are highlighted.
Security between the Legal and the Judicial: Discussion of Roles and Effectiveness
Judicial security is one of the most important components of legal security. The relationship between them is strong and complementary, and together they contribute to achieving effectiveness because they share common objectives. This leads to a key conclusion: whenever judicial security is effectively ensured, legal security is also ensured.
The Role of Contract and Corporate Farming in Building Urban Food System Resilience: A Case of Jakarta, Indonesia
Urban food systems in densely populated and import-dependent cities face increasing exposure to supply disruptions, climate stress, and market volatility. This study examines how contract and corporate farming contribute to strengthening urban food system resilience in Jakarta by integrating behavioral and institutional perspectives. Using a qualitative research design, data were collected through field observations and in-depth interviews with farmer groups, PT Food Station Tjipinang Jaya, and government stakeholders across major rice-producing regions. The findings reveal that resilience outcomes cannot be explained by production capacity alone; instead, they arise from the interaction between farmer behavior and institutional arrangements that govern coordination, compliance, and risk management across urban–rural linkages. Drawing on Collective Action Theory, Transaction Cost Economics, Food System Resilience Theory, and Social–Ecological Systems Theory, the study proposes the Behavioral–Institutional Resilience Contract Farming (BIRCF) model. The model demonstrates how institutional capacity, spatial divrsification, and adaptive governance collectively generate robustness, redundancy, flexibility, and adaptability within Jakarta’s rice supply system. While productivity gains are modest, institutional strengthening and coordinated procurement emerge as the primary drivers of resilience. The study concludes that urban food security strategies must extend beyond production-focused interventions and prioritize integrated urban–rural governance to safeguard metropolitan food systems against future shocks.
Sustainable Development of International Organizations: Regulating AI Use within Internal law and Governance
The analysis and unification of the system of internal law of international organizations are one of the significant research areas regarding international law from the angle of AI use for the Good and Sustainable Development. In this context, the issue of the functioning of international organizations when using AI technologies in the internal management system becomes even more relevant. The purpose of the article is to determine the prospects for the development of the internal law of international organizations, taking into account the global implementation of AI technology. To achieve this goal, the role of the internal law of international organizations in the system of international law is determined in connection with the global development of AI, the current directions and prospects for regulating AI technology at the level of international organizations are identified. Academic publications and documents of international organizations are used as materials for the analysis. The methodology of the analysis is based on a qualitative approach and ground-theory, uses computer-based content analysis of the textual data. As a result of scientific, theoretical and empirical analysis, the authors determine the ways and offer recommendations for the safe implementation of technology to ensure a balanced use of AI, taking into account the specifics of the internal management of international organizations and employees.
Internal law of international organizations,
The Digital Building Permit in Algerian Legislation
In light of the digital transformation taking place in Algeria within the administrative sector, a digital platform for urban planning permits has been created and is managed by the local authorities responsible for municipal affairs. The aim is to simplify and facilitate the procedures for obtaining urban planning documents, particularly the building permit, in order to reduce the phenomenon of widespread informal construction, to reinforce democratic governance, and to eliminate bureaucracy. However, the issuance of a digital building permit depends on the applicant’s choice and the method used to submit the application. If the submission is made in paper form, the permit is delivered in paper format; whereas if the submission is made through the digital platform, the permit is delivered digitally. The purpose of studying this topic is to clarify the procedures for obtaining the digital building permit, the potential issues that may arise from it, the guarantees granted to the applicant in case the administrative authority explicitly or implicitly refuses to issue the permit or withdraws it after issuance, as well as the powers of the administrative judge in reviewing digital decisions related to building permits.
Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Modern Assessment Methods
This study examines teachers' attitudes toward modern assessment methods, acknowledging their central role in the educational process and their critical impact on the success of any pedagogical reform, as the theoretical framework explores the concept of attitudes, their dimensions, and the significance of their study within pedagogical practices, emphasizing the strong relationship between teacher attitudes and the efficacy of assessment methods. Empirically, a field-based approach was employed, utilizing a questionnaire administered to a sample of teachers; the collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tools, where the results highlighted disparities in teachers' attitudes, ranging from positive to reserved, which varied according to their training level, professional experience, and organizational contexts within their institutions. Furthermore, the findings indicated that positive attitudes enhance the prospects for the success of modern assessment, whereas negative attitudes constitute an obstacle to its implementation. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of continuous professional development and improving educational practice conditions to establish modern assessment methods as effective tools for enhancing academic quality.
Legal and Policy Frameworks for Water Sustainability in the Maghreb region: A Comparative Analysis of Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia
Ensuring water sustainability in the Maghreb requires robust legal and policy frameworks. This article provides a comparative, interdisciplinary analysis of water law and governance in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Drawing on national laws, constitutional provisions, and international agreements, we examine how each country’s legal framework addresses water scarcity, quality, and equitable access. The analysis uses a descriptive–comparative methodology to highlight strengths, gaps, and opportunities in existing regimes. We find that while Maghreb nations have established comprehensive water codes and enshrined water rights in their constitutions, enforcement challenges and policy fragmentation persist. Regional initiatives for the North-West Sahara Aquifer System and joint programs under Maghreb institutions demonstrate the potential for cooperation. We conclude with recommendations: modernizing legal instruments to meet contemporary challenges (e.g. climate change), integrating water policy with other sectors, and strengthening regional coordination. These insights aim to guide policymakers and scholars interested in sustainable water management in arid regions (United Nations, 2023; Belhassan, 2022; Kuzma et al., 2023).
The Impact of Criminal Irresponsibility on Legal Proceedings a Comparative Study
This study aims to highlight the legislative approach and general framework adopted by the Jordanian criminal legislator in its procedural handling of defendants who lack criminal responsibility and to assess the legislator's ability to formulate procedural legal provisions that ensure proper treatment of such individuals. This approach must align, on the one hand, with the underlying purpose of the principle of criminal responsibility and, on the other hand, with the demands of justice pursued by criminal legislation. To achieve the intended objective, the study adopted descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodologies. It examined the legal provisions governing this issue in Jordanian criminal legislation and compared them with the corresponding provisions in Algerian criminal legislation. The study ultimately reached several conclusions, the most significant of which is that, although the Jordanian criminal legislator included a specific procedural provision in Article 233 of the Code of Criminal Procedure addressing the issue of insanity, it failed to grant the public prosecutor or attorney general the authority to halt the prosecution of a defendant suffering from such a condition. This shortcoming may be considered a legislative deficiency in this respect. Moreover, the legislator, in drafting paragraph five of the same article, demonstrated inconsistency with its other paragraphs by requiring the attendance of an insane defendant at trial sessions rather than placing them in a psychiatric hospital. The researcher presented several recommendations to the criminal legislator, including the addition of a specific paragraph within Article 233 of the Code of Criminal Procedure that would enable the public prosecutor or attorney general—once the case falls within their jurisdiction—to issue a decision preventing the prosecution of a defendant if medical assessment confirms the presence of a psychological or mental illness. The study also recommends including a dedicated paragraph in the Juvenile Law obligating both the public prosecutor and the court to prohibit the attendance of a juvenile defendant at investigation and trial proceedings without legal counsel, regardless of the type of offense. The presence of a defense lawyer should be mandatory at all stages of the proceedings, in line with the approach adopted by the Algerian legislator in the Child Protection Law.
When the Military Clashes with Civil Authority: A Critical Examination of The FCT Minister Versus a Naval Officer
This paper critically examines the altercation that occurred on 11th November 2025 between Nyesom Wike, Minister of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), and a naval officer of the Nigerian Navy, Lt. A.M. Yerima, in the Gaduwa District of Abuja. The incident involved a contested land plot and escalated into a verbal confrontation, highlighting tensions between civilian authority and the armed forces. Using a qualitative social research approach, the study draws on media reports, video evidence, legal texts, and scholarly literature to critically assess the actions of the minister, the senior officer who issued orders to the naval personnel, and the junior naval officer. Findings suggest that while the minister’s mandate was legitimate, his method and tone breached institutional decorum; the senior officer exhibited poor judgment in deploying military personnel to a civil land dispute; and the junior naval officer displayed commendable professional restraint by insisting on obeying lawful orders. The paper concludes with recommendations to strengthen civil‑military boundaries, land governance, and institutional protocols.
Civil military relations, Land governance, Lt. A.M Yerima, Ministerial conduct, Naval officer, Nyesom wike, Rule of law in Nigeria.
Comparative Study of the Miniatures of “Khosrow and Shirin”, Where the both Present, Based on Khamseh, The Story by Nizami Ganjavi
Persian literature and Iranian painting are types of traditions that have developed alongside each other. The vivid descriptions that poets conveyed in their texts were often brought to life through paintings, leading to a rich tradition in Iranian artistic creation. The story of Khosrow and Shirin, written by Nizami Ganjavi, is renowned for its vibrant use of color. Nizami demonstrates a deep understanding of color psychology and symbolism, utilizing colors to inform the space and evoke emotional and mental states. This indicates his comprehensive knowledge across various artistic disciplines. However, it is important to note that the painter is not merely illustrating the text; instead, the artist creates the work based on their mental understanding and emotional state, which influences the final visual representation.
The Stain of Organ Trafficking in African States: A Critical Examination
. Organ trafficking, which is the illegal movement or transportation of human organs for sale and transplant to willing and highest bidding patients or buyers, is an international economic crime. Trafficking of human organs in the African States rages on and has become a significant source of concern not only for the African States, but the world at large. This has, by implication, stained the international image and projection of the African States. There have been attempts by several African States to curb this ugly trend by using the instrumentality of the law. Still, all that has yielded only little results owing to the technicality and discreteness with which those involved in this crime operate. It has been argued that the debate over the trafficking of human beings for organ removal (THBOR) remains largely absent from policy debates, as this crime is hardly detected, reported and sparsely researched. However, criminal networks exploit vulnerable populations, central migrants from and within the African States, for this heinous crime. Exploring the doctrinal research approach, this paper x-rays the stains of human organ trafficking in the African States; it found among others that trafficking of human organs is a booming and highly lucrative economic crime entrenched in Africa and perpetuated with so much secrecy. The paper recommends among others the need for sound legislative debate on how to curb the crime in Africa coupled with virile legal frameworks towards curtailing the crime.
The Double Burden: How Child Labor Affects Learning Achievement in Nepalese Schools
The Constitution of Nepal promises free education, but many children work to pay for their schooling, especially in urban areas. The present study investigates the learning achievement of working and non-working children studying in community secondary schools of Lalitpur, Kathmandu Metropolitan City as a function of parental support, academic-related habits and work involvement. A total of 296 grade nine students were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics from a quantitative approach to the data. The study revealed that there were significant differences in the learning achievement between working and non-working children and work hour and parental support were identified as critical determinants. The results highlight the importance of targeted policies to support working children and promote educational equity.
Criminal Policy on Business Offences: When Legal Excuses Are Instrumentalised to Safeguard the Economy
This study seeks to highlight the modern orientation of criminal policy in the field of business offences, by analysing the phenomenon of instrumentalising legal excuses as an exceptional mechanism for addressing these complex crimes. The Algerian legislator, in line with many comparative legal systems, has established both substantive and procedural legal excuses, the latter often justified by economic considerations such as encouraging investment and protecting the business environment. Through this research, we sought to shed light on these excuses while analysing the extent to which they align with the requirements of legal certainty and balance economic protection with criminal justice, in light of practical legal models and comparative approaches.
The Algerian Investment Promotion Agency as a Legal Guarantee for Investors in Algeria
This research paper aims to clarify and clarify the legal framework of the Algerian Agency for Investment Promotion as the only legal body authorized to grant industrial or economic real estate directed to investment in accordance with the organs established by the legislator at the national and local levels, which is a new chapter in the liberalization of investment from the corridors of the administration and its bureaucracy that led to the flight of investors and their reluctance to invest in Algeria, or hindered the existing investments that their owners initiated to embody their investments on the ground, through extrapolation and analysis of texts and the provisions of Law 22/18 and law 23/17.
Myths or Realities; Patriarchy, Gender Structure and Gender Relations in Swasthani Vrata Katha and Today's Hindu Society of Kathmandu
Some interpretations of Hindu scriptures and texts have been used to explicate how patriarchal views and practices function in the society as well as academia, such as the devaluation of women and the justification of male dominance. This article critically analyzes both mythological representations and lived realities of patriarchy, gender roles, and power structures as portrayed in the text Swasthani vrata katha and manifested in contemporary Hindu society in Kathmandu, Nepal. The findings of the paper are; although hyper- patriarchy exists in the present-day Hindu society with dichotomy and dialect in nature, people criticize, disagree and deny the concepts that are embedded in the Swasthani vrata katha but still, the respondents or participant devotees follow the vrata. The traditional roles of sãsu (mother-in-law) and buhãri (daughter-in-law) under patriarchy are gradually dissolved in the capitalistic frame of society. In the past, sãsu used to be a powerful agent of patriarchy and that of the patriarchal head (father-in-law) who controlled the economy of the family, mobility and sexuality. However, the scenario has altered at present and buhãri has turned dominant since her husband earns the remittance, which is transferred to her bank account and she decides where to spend, and what to purchase. Due to such economic independence, buhari plays decisive roles in the household chores and the public domain as well. This shift underscores the growing influence of economic agency in reshaping gender relations within Hindu families in urban Nepal.
Assessment of Factors Contributing to Environmental Pollution in the Context of Public Health Using the Example of the Republic of Armenia
Frequent changes in environmental pollution factors have a negative impact on human health and, as a result, dramatically change the quality of his life, perhaps it is precisely this circumstance that determines the relevance of the topic. The purpose of the article is to assess the connection between the factors contributing to environmental pollution and human health. It is obvious that in a given country, the healthier people are, the more effectively the mechanisms of state environmental management function, as a result of which the life expectancy of the population increases especially. The genetic, environmental, and healthcare factors affecting human health can be presented from two perspectives. These factors have the opposite effect, and it is in this context that the article distinguishes 8 factors of environmental pollution and 7 factors threatening human health, and proposes 7 hypotheses (The statistics were selected between 2000 and 2022). To reveal the interconnection between these factors, empirical, statistical, and mathematical tools and methods have been applied. The results of the evaluation of the hypotheses have shown that the selected environmental pollution-promoting factors have an impact on the deterioration or improvement of human health. The article also evaluates the risk of human life loss in the context of the environment. Accordingly, the healthcare sector reforms in Armenia are divided into 3 phases (2000-2007 up to emergence of financial crisis, 2008-2019 overcoming of financial crisis and nowadays reforms, 2020-2022) and for each phase, the standard mortality rate in Armenia, as well as the risk of human health deterioration and life loss, have been calculated. The results show that there has been an increase in both indicators, and their growth points to the deterioration of human health. Therefore, the current indicators characterizing the state of the healthcare sector in Armenia are concerning, while the upcoming trends are alarming. We believe that the implementation of the mechanism proposed in the article could later create guarantees for the restoration of human health.
The Causal Factors of Strategic Management and Operational Performance: An Empirical Study on the Industrial Machinery and Equipment Sales and Rental Business
The objective of this research is to investigate the causal factors of strategic management and operational performance development that impact the Industrial Machinery and Equipment Sales and Rental Business. The study focuses on analyzing the role of human resources, internal quality systems, and logistics management and their linkage to creating a competitive advantage and enhancing the organizational capability of firms. This research utilizes Systems Theory and Strategic Management as its analytical framework. Data was collected from entrepreneurs and employees in the industrial machinery sales and rental business through both a quantitative questionnaire survey and qualitative in-depth interviews. The research findings indicate that effective human resource management, a standardized internal quality system, and appropriate logistics management have a positive influence on the organization's operational performance and strategic management, ultimately leading to an elevated competitive potential in the heavy industry to evolve the strategic plan by integrating the management of human resources, internal systems, and machinery/equipment for the purpose of building sustainable growth and long-term competitive advantage.
Machinery sales and rental business (or equipment sales and rental business),
Operational performance (or operational efficiency),
Strengthening the Legal Framework of Subak-Based Ecotourism in Bali: Between Cultural Policy and Legal Pluralism
This study examines the dynamics of legal pluralism in the governance of community-based ecotourism in Bali, with a particular focus on the Subak system as a cultural landscape recognized by UNESCO. While Subak is legally acknowledged through the Bali Provincial Regulation No. 9/2012 and reinforced by Law No. 6/2014 on Villages, its legitimacy also derives from awig-awig (customary rules), reflecting the coexistence of state law and living law. Using a socio-legal and comparative approach, this research explores two Subak communities Subak Sembung (Denpasar) and Subak Umalambing (Badung) to analyze how customary law interacts with formal regulations in responding to land conversion pressures and tourism commercialization. The findings reveal that awig-awig remains more effective than formal law in controlling land conversion, yet its effectiveness depends on the strength of sanctions and community compliance. The study highlights the need for legal hybridization, whereby state law provides formal legitimacy and certainty, while customary law offers substantive values rooted in Tri Hita Karana philosophy. This research contributes to the discourse on legal pluralism by proposing the concept of “law with cultural meaning”, which integrates indigenous norms into tourism governance. Practically, it recommends the formulation of a special regional regulation on Subak-based ecotourism to safeguard agrarian, ecological, and spiritual sustainability in Bali.
Administrative Liability for Harm Arising from Intelligent Automated Administrative Decisions
Administrative work is witnessing a radical transformation due to reliance on artificial intelligence techniques in decision making, which has given rise to a new category of decision-making: automated administrative decisions issued without direct human intervention. Despite the efficiency and speed, they provide, these decisions pose profound legal questions about their legitimacy, the guarantees that accompany them, and the scope of administrative liability for any resulting harm. This article examines the nature of this liability, its limits, and its existence in the absence of clear legal regulation in many legal systems. It also exposes a legal vision aimed at protecting individuals and reconciling technological progress with the principles of legitimacy and accountability.
Intelligent automated administrative decisions,
The Socio-Economic Dimension of the Development Concept: Towards a New Conception in the Face of Contemporary Challenges
This article analyzes the theoretical renewal of the development concept following the failure of the economic models of the 1960s and 1970s. Drawing on the conceptual frameworks of Gilbert Rist (2007) regarding the deconstruction of development paradigms and Amartya Sen (1999) concerning human capabilities, we demonstrate how the integration of environmental sustainability and humanism addresses contemporary challenges. Our approach combines the historical analysis of economic crises with the study of the emergence of a new North American economic sociology (Granovetter, 1985; Zelizer, 2011), which reintegrates social variables into development models. The results indicate that this conceptual renewal makes it possible to move beyond purely quantitative approaches to growth, proposing instead a multidimensional framework anchored in human well-being and ecological resilience.
Analysis of the Ecological State of the Agstev and Getik Rivers using Background Concentrations
According to the article, the Water Framework Directive, developed by the European Union, has been instrumental in shifting the assessment of river water quality in Armenia from a focus on maximum permissible concentrations of chemical water quality indicators to a more holistic approach that incorporates natural background concentrations. This transition, which has been in effect since 2011, underscores in the approach to water quality management, emphasizing the importance of ecological integrity and the utilization of natural reference points for evaluating water quality. It has been posited that the inherent limitation of maximum permissible concentrations is their inability to account for the distinct characteristics of specific geographical areas. This limitation persists despite the implementation of uniform criteria for assessing rivers within disparate physical and geographical zones. The Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Armenia "On the Establishment of Water Quality Standards for Each Basin Management Authority" delineates five distinct classes. Each class is designated by a color: "excellent" (1st class — blue), "good" (2nd class — green), "average" (3rd class — yellow), "unsatisfactory" (4th class — brown), and "poor" (5th class — red). The overall evaluation of water chemical quality is predicated on the class with the least favorable quality indicator. The water quality classes of the Agstev and Getik rivers for the period 2013-2024 are examined through the analysis of background concentrations. The investigation revealed that, subsequent to 2021, the water quality of the Agstev and Getik rivers exhibited a decline at all monitoring points located beyond the urban centers of Dilijan, Ijevan, and Chambarak. This decline was attributed to the impact of untreated or inadequately treated domestic wastewater from these cities.